AIIMS 2019 Botany Energy Flow MCQ Question

The 10% law of energy transfer, proposed by Lindemann, states that only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next, primarily due to energy losses through metabolic processes, heat production, and waste (e.g., respiration, excretion). This principle illustrates the inefficiency of energy transfer in ecosystems, where producers (e.g., plants) convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (glucose) but only a fraction is available to primary consumers (herbivores) and subsequently to higher trophic levels (carnivores). Since options A, C, and D are not provided with relevant content, they do not contribute to the understanding of the 10% law, making option B the only relevant choice in this context.